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Digital Mammography References

Mammography is the gold standard for screening in the detection of early breast cancer, since it has proven to reduce mortality by 44%. The efficacy of mammography depends on the technical quality of the mammogram, the expertise of the interpreting radiologist, and proper implementation of a screening program. Mammography relies on the relative densities of breast tissues to differentiate normal from abnormal tissue. Breast density is the most significant independent predictor of sensitivity at any age; fatty breast 98% and very dense breast 48%. The overall mammographic sensitivity is 85% but  decreases to 45% in women with dense breast tissue, breast implants or in the post surgical breast. In general, sensitivity is lower in women under 49 years old of age.

Compared to screen film mammography (SFM), digital mammography (DM) exposes patients to slightly lower doses of radiation, while optimizing the image contrast. DM improves the sensitivity of breast cancer detection from 55% to 70% in women less than 50 years (pre or peri-meopausal) with dense breast. However, DM is significantly more expensive than SFM. The equipment costs approximately $400,000 versus $100,000 plus higher expenses for maintenance, storage and retrieval.

Studies have shown that a second mammography reader can increase the number of cancers detected by 4-14% without changing the false positive rates. However, this added cost is not reimbursed and therefore is impractical in most practices. Computed-aided- detection or CAD achieves the same detection rate as two readers and increases the sensitivity (especially for microcalcifications), but is not as effective for masses. However the improved sensitivity with CAD is offset by both an increase in false positives and biopsy rates.

References:

1. Skaane P, Bandos AI, Gullien R, et al.  Comparison of digital mammography alone and digital mammography plus tomosynthesis in a population-based screening program. Radiology. 2013 Apr;267(1):47-56.

2. Zuley ML, Guo B, Catullo VJ, Chough DM et al. Comparison of Two-dimensional Synthesized Mammograms versus Original Digital Mammograms Alone and in Combination with Tomosynthesis Images. Radiology. 2014 Jun; 271(3):664-71.

3. Skaane P,  Bandos AI, Eben EB, et al. Two-View Digital Breast Tomosynthesis Screening with Synthetically Reconstructed Projection Images: Comparison with Digital Breast Tomosynthesis with Full-Field Digital Mammographic Images, Radiology. 2014 Jun;271(3):655-63.

4. Gur D, Zuley ML, Anello MI, et al. Dose reduction in digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) screening using synthetically reconstructed projection images: an observer performance study. Acad Radiol. 2012 Feb;19(2):166-71.

5.  Ciatto S, Houssami N, Bernardi D, et al. Integration of 3D digital mammography with tomosynthesis for population breast-cancer screening (STORM): a prospective comparison study. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14: 583–89.

6.  Durand MA, Haas BM, Yao X, et al. Early Clinical Experience with Digital Breast Tomosynthesis for Screening Mammography. Radiology, 2015 Jan, 274: 85–92.

7. Haas BM, Kalra V, Geisel J et al. Comparison of Tomosynthesis Plus Digital Mammography and Digital Mammography Alone for Breast Cancer Screening, Radiology, 2013, Dec, 269: 694–700.

 

1. Fletcher SW, Elmore JG. Mammographic screening for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1672-80.
2. Smith-Bindman R, Chu P, Miglioretti DL et a. Physician predictors of mammographic accuracy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 358-67.
3. Buist DSM, Porter PL, Lehman C, Taplin SH, White E. Factors contributing to mammography failure in women aged 40-49 years. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1432-40.
4. Carney PA, Miglioretti DL, Yankaskas BC et al. Individual and combined effect of age, breast density, and hormone replacement therapy use on the accuracy of screening mammography. Ann Intern Med 2003;138: 168-75.
5. Pisano ED, Gatsonis C, Hendrick E et al. Diagnostic Performance of Digital versus Film Mammography fro Breast-Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1056-67.
6. Hambly NM, McNicholas MM, Phelan N et al. Comparison of Digital Mammography and Screen-Film Mammography in Breast cancer Screening: A review in the Irish Breast Screening Program. Ann J Roentgenol AJR 2009; 193:1010-18.

Screening Mammography:  A Continued Debate Over the Appropriate Guidelines

Consitency of breast dnesity categories in serial screening mammograms: A comparison between automated and human assessment

Current Status of Supplemental Screening in Dense Breasts

Supplemental Breast Cancer Screening in Women with Dense Breasts Should Be Offered with Simultaneous Collection of Outcomes Data

USPSTF Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations Could Endanger Women

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis  State of the Art

Digital Breast Tomosynthesis in the Diagnostic Setting:  Indications and Clinical Applications

Cancer Treatment 3

Cancer Treatment 2

Cancer Treatment

Breast Pathology 4

Breast Pathology 3

Breast Pathology 2

Breast Pathology

Breast Density

Breast Cancer Staging 2

Breast Cancer Staging 1

Breast Cancer Staging

Breast Cancer Treatment 3

Breast Cancer Treatment 2

Breast Cancer Treatment

Tomosynthesis 6

Tomosynthesis 5

Tomosynthesis 4

Tomosynthesis 3

Tomosynthesis 2

Tomosynthesis

ACR Appropriateness Criteria on Nonpalpable Mammographic Findings (Exluding Calcifications)

Society of Radiologists

The Recent US Preventive Services Task Force Guidelines Are Not Supported by the Scientific Evidence and Should Be Rescinded.

Ignoring the Fundamentals-What Has Happened to Peer Review?

Detail Response to to USPSTF Guidelines

New and Improved?  Breast Care Task Forece Recommendations Come Under Scrutiny

Breast Cancer Screening With Imaging:  Recommendations From the Society of Breast Imaging and the ACR on the Use of Mammography, Breast MRI, Breast Ultrasound, and Other Technologies for the Detection of Clinically Occult Breast  

US Preventive Services Task Forece Recommendations for Screening Mammography:  Evidence-Based Medicine or the Death of Science? 

Digital Mammography May Deliver Less Radiation Than Conventional Mammography 

Mammography Screening for Breast Cancer

The Benefits and Harms of Mammography Screening 

The 2009 Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations of the US Preventive Services Task Force 

Benefits of Screening Mammography 

US Preventive Servies Task Force and Breast Cancer Screening,

The Breast Cancer Alternative hypotheses: Is There Evidence to Justify Replacing It,

Informational Forum on Breast Cancer,

American Cancer Society Statement,

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,

Panel Urges Mammograms at 50, not 40,
 

Frequently Asked Questions about Mammography and the USPSTF Recommendations:  A Guide for Practitioners,

Enthusiasm for Cancer screening in the United States,

Cost of Breast Cancer Treatment.  A 4-Year Longitudinal Study,

Senate HELP Committee to Investigate USPSTF Mammography Recommendations,

Radiologists Note Advance In Digital Mammography

Screening Mammography and the "R" Word,

On Mammography More Agreement Than Disagreement,

 

     
 
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